Free download cell organelles12/27/2023 ![]() ![]() Collectively, this network of protein fibers is known as the cytoskeleton. Within the cytoplasm, there would still be ions and organic molecules, plus a network of protein fibers that helps to maintain the shape of the cell, secures certain organelles in specific positions, and allows cytoplasm and vesicles to move within the cell. If you were to remove all the organelles from a cell, would the plasma membrane and the cytoplasm be the only components left? No. Many metabolic reactions, including protein synthesis, take place in the cytoplasm. Ions of sodium, potassium, calcium, and many other elements are also dissolved in the cytoplasm. Glucose and other simple sugars, polysaccharides, amino acids, nucleic acids, fatty acids, and derivatives of glycerol are found there too. However, proteins are not the only organic molecules found in the cytoplasm. Even though the cytoplasm consists of 70 to 80 percent water, it has a semi-solid consistency, which comes from the proteins within it. It is made up of organelles suspended in the gel-like cytosol, the cytoskeleton, and various chemicals. It’s basically a thick solution of salts and proteins that make up the inside of the cell, and that surround organelles and the nucleus. The cytoplasm comprises the contents of a cell between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope (a structure to be discussed shortly). Patients suffering from celiac disease must follow a gluten-free diet. This leads to malnutrition, cramping, and diarrhea. The immune response damages microvilli, and thus, afflicted individuals cannot absorb nutrients. People with celiac disease have an immune response to gluten, which is a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye. This is an excellent example of form matching the function of a structure. Such cells are typically found lining the small intestine, the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food. This folding increases the surface area of the plasma membrane. The plasma membranes of cells that specialize in absorption are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli (singular = microvillus). There are other components, such as cholesterol and carbohydrates, which can be found in the membrane in addition to phospholipids and protein. Figure 2.4 The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. ![]()
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